Introduction
Microplastics, defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm in size, have emerged as a significant
environmental concern due to their widespread presence and persistence in aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems (Thompson et al., 2004). These particles originate from the degradation of larger plastic
waste or are manufactured for specific industrial purposes. With global plastic production reaching
over 390 million tonnes in 2021 (PlasticsEurope, 2022), the leakage of microplastics into the
environment has become unavoidable, raising serious concerns for biodiversity, food safety, and
human health.
Sources of Microplastics
Microplastics are typically categorized into two types: primary and secondary. Primary microplastics
are intentionally manufactured in small sizes for applications such as cosmetics (e.g., exfoliants),
industrial abrasives, or medical uses (Andrady, 2011). Secondary microplastics result from the
breakdown of larger plastic debris due to environmental weathering, UV radiation, and mechanical
abrasion.
Urban runoff, wastewater discharge, shipping activity, and improper waste disposal are major
contributors to microplastic pollution (Browne et al., 2011). Synthetic fibers from clothes released
during washing are also a significant source of microplastics, as washing machines can release
hundreds of thousands of fibers per load (Napper and Thompson, 2016).
Distribution in the Environment
Microplastics have been detected in oceans, rivers, lakes, soil, and even in atmospheric dust.
Marine environments are especially vulnerable, with microplastics being found from surface waters
to deep-sea sediments (Woodall et al., 2014).
Impact on Marine Life
Marine organisms, ranging from plankton to whales, inadvertently ingest microplastics, mistaking
them for food. This ingestion can lead to physical harm, such as internal injuries and blockages, and
chemical exposure due to adsorbed pollutants (Cole et al., 2013). Studies have shown that
microplastics can bioaccumulate in the food chain, posing risks to higher trophic levels, including
humans (Rochman et al., 2013). Filter feeders like mussels and oysters are particularly vulnerable
and have shown compromised physiological functions after exposure to microplastics.
Human Health Implications
The presence of microplastics in drinking water, salt, seafood, and even the air we breathe suggests
a direct route of exposure to humans (Smith et al., 2018). While the long-term health impacts are still
under investigation, there is concern about inflammation, cytotoxicity, and the potential for plastic
particles to act as vectors for pathogens and chemical contaminants.
Policy and Mitigation Strategies
Governments and environmental organizations have initiated measures to mitigate microplastic
pollution. Bans on microbeads in cosmetics, stricter wastewater treatment regulations, and
increased recycling efforts are key strategies (UNEP, 2018). Innovative technologies, such as
microfiber filters for washing machines and biodegradable alternatives to conventional plastics, are
being explored to reduce microplastic input into ecosystems
Public Awareness and Future Directions
Raising public awareness is crucial in combating microplastic pollution. Educational campaigns and
citizen science projects help collect data and promote behavioral change (Hartley et al., 2018).
Further research is necessary to fully understand the ecotoxicological effects of microplastics and to
develop comprehensive risk assessments and policy responses.
Conclusion
Microplastics have become pervasive in the environment, with potentially far-reaching effects on
ecosystems and human health. Addressing this issue requires a multi-pronged approach involving
policy intervention, scientific research, and public engagement. Efforts to reduce plastic production
and enhance waste management infrastructure will be essential in limiting future pollution
Author Name
Kaushiki Priya